Ichi chinyorwa chinozoongorora izvo zvakakosha zvigadzirwa muChina C3 indasitiri cheni uye yazvino yekutsvagisa nekusimudzira nzira yetekinoroji.

(1)Iyo Yazvino Mamiriro uye Mafambiro Ekusimudzira ePolypropylene (PP) Tekinoroji

Sekuferefeta kwedu, kune nzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzira polypropylene (PP) muChina, pakati idzo dzakanyanya kukosha maitiro anosanganisira epamba epombi pombi process, Unipol process yeDaoju Company, Spheriol process yeLyondellBasell Company, Innovene process yeIneos Company, Novolen process. yeNordic Chemical Company, uye Spherizone maitiro eLyondellBasell Company.Aya maitiro anogamuchirwa zvakanyanya neChinese PP mabhizinesi.Aya matekinoroji anonyanya kudzora chiyero chekushandura chepropylene mukati meiyo 1.01-1.02.

Iyo yemba yemhete pombi process inotora yakazvimiririra yakagadziridzwa ZN catalyst, parizvino inotongwa neyechipiri-chizvarwa ring pombi process tekinoroji.Iyi nzira yakavakirwa pane yakazvimiririra yakagadziridzwa catalysts, asymmetric elektrononi donor tekinoroji, uye propylene butadiene binary random copolymerization tekinoroji, uye inogona kuburitsa homopolymerization, ethylene propylene random copolymerization, propylene butadiene random copolymerization, uye kukanganisa kusagadzikana copolymerization PP.Semuenzaniso, makambani akadai seShanghai Petrochemical Third Line, Zhenhai Refining uye Chemical First uye Second Lines, uye Maoming Second Line vese vakashandisa maitiro aya.Nekuwedzera kwezvivakwa zvitsva zvekugadzira mune ramangwana, yechitatu-yechizvarwa pombi pombi process inotarisirwa kuti zvishoma nezvishoma ive iyo inotonga mudzimba pombi yemamiriro ekunze.

Iyo Unipol process inogona kuita maindasitiri kugadzira homopolymers, ine melt flow rate (MFR) huwandu hwe0.5 ~ 100g/10min.Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu chikuru cheethylene copolymer monomers mune zvisingaite copolymers chinogona kusvika 5.5%.Iyi nzira inogona zvakare kuburitsa yakasimukira isina kurongeka copolymer yepropylene uye 1-butene (zita rekutengesa CE-FOR), ine rubber mass chikamu chinosvika 14%.Iyo yakawanda chikamu che ethylene mu impact copolymer inogadzirwa neUnipol process inogona kusvika 21% (the mass fraction of rubber is 35%).Maitiro acho akashandiswa muzvivakwa zvemabhizinesi akadai seFushun Petrochemical uye Sichuan Petrochemical.

Iyo Innovene process inogona kugadzira homopolymer zvigadzirwa zvine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekunyungudika kuyerera (MFR), iyo inogona kusvika 0.5-100g/10min.Kuoma kwechigadzirwa chayo kwakakwira kupfuura kweimwe gasi-chikamu chepolymerization maitiro.Iyo MFR yezvisina kurongeka copolymer zvigadzirwa ndeye 2-35g / 10min, ine chikamu chidiki cheethylene kubva pa7% kusvika 8%.Iyo MFR yeimprove resistant copolymer zvigadzirwa ndeye 1-35g/10min, ine hupamhi chidimbu cheethylene kubva pa5% kusvika 17%.

Parizvino, tekinoroji yekugadzira yePP muChina yakakura kwazvo.Kutora oiri yakavakirwa polypropylene mabhizinesi semuenzaniso, hapana mutsauko wakakura mukugadzira unit kushandiswa, mutengo wekugadzirisa, purofiti, nezvimwe pakati pebhizinesi rega rega.Kubva pamaonero ezvikamu zvekugadzira zvakafukidzwa nematanho akasiyana, maitiro makuru anogona kuvhara chikamu chese chechigadzirwa.Nekudaro, tichitarisa iwo chaiwo emhando dzekubuda emabhizinesi aripo, kune misiyano yakakura muzvigadzirwa zvePP pakati pemabhizinesi akasiyana nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita sejogirafi, zvipingamupinyi zvetekinoroji, uye zvigadzirwa.

(2)Yazvino Mamiriro uye Mafambiro Ekusimudzira eAcrylic Acid Technology

Acrylic acid yakakosha organic kemikari mbishi zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira zvinonamira uye zvinonyungudika nemvura, uye zvakare inowanzogadziriswa kuita butyl acrylate nezvimwe zvigadzirwa.Zvinoenderana netsvagiridzo, kune akasiyana kugadzirwa maitiro e acrylic acid, anosanganisira chloroethanol nzira, cyanoethanol nzira, yakakwirira-kumanikidza Reppe nzira, enone nzira, yakagadziridzwa Reppe nzira, formaldehyde ethanol nzira, acrylonitrile hydrolysis nzira, ethylene nzira, propylene oxidation nzira, uye biological. nzira.Kunyangwe paine akasiyana nzira dzekugadzirira acrylic asidhi, uye mazhinji acho akaiswa muindasitiri, iyo inonyanya kugadzirwa maitiro pasi rese ichiri yakananga oxidation yepropylene kune acrylic acid process.

Izvo zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira acrylic acid kuburikidza nepropylene oxidation zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira mhute yemvura, mweya, uye propylene.Munguva yekugadzira, vatatu ava vanopinda maoxidation reactions kuburikidza nemubhedha we catalyst mune imwe chikamu.Propylene inotanga oxidized kuita acrolein mune rekutanga reactor, uyezve oxidized kune acrylic asidhi mune yechipiri reactor.Mupfunga wemvura unobata basa rekudzikisira mukuita uku, kudzivirira kuitika kwekuputika uye kudzvanyirira chizvarwa chekuitika kwedivi.Nekudaro, kunze kwekugadzira acrylic acid, iyi reaction process inoburitsawo acetic acid uye carbon oxides nekuda kwekuita kwedivi.

Zvinoenderana nekuferefeta kwaPingtou Ge, kiyi ye acrylic acid oxidation process tekinoroji iri mukusarudzwa kwezvinokonzeresa.Parizvino, makambani anogona kupa acrylic acid tekinoroji kuburikidza nepropylene oxidation anosanganisira Sohio iri muUnited States, Japan Catalyst Chemical Company, Mitsubishi Chemical Company muJapan, BASF kuGermany, neJapan Chemical Technology.

Iyo Sohio process muUnited States inzira yakakosha yekugadzira acrylic asidhi kuburikidza nepropylene oxidation, inoratidzwa panguva imwe chete kuunza propylene, mhepo, uye mhute yemvura muzvikamu zviviri zvakabatanidzwa zvakabatanidzwa zvigadziriso zvemubhedha, uye kushandisa Mo Bi neMo-V yakawanda-chikamu simbi. oxides se catalysts, zvichiteerana.Pasi peiyi nzira, goho reimwe-nzira ye acrylic acid rinogona kusvika pa80% (molar ratio).Kubatsira kweiyo nzira yeSohio ndeyekuti maviri akateedzana reactor anogona kuwedzera hupenyu hweiyo catalyst, inosvika makore maviri.Nekudaro, iyi nzira ine dhizaini yekuti propylene isina kubatwa haigone kudzoserwa.

BASF nzira: Kubva mukupera kwema1960s, BASF yanga ichiita tsvakiridzo pakugadzirwa kwe acrylic acid kuburikidza nepropylene oxidation.Iyo BASF nzira inoshandisa Mo Bi kana Mo Co catalysts yepropylene oxidation reaction, uye nzira imwe chete goho reacrolein rinowanikwa rinogona kusvika pa80% (molar ratio).Mushure meizvozvo, uchishandisa Mo, W, V, uye Fe based catalysts, acrolein yakawedzera oxidized kune acrylic acid, ine yakanyanya-imwe nzira goho inosvika 90% (molar ratio).Hupenyu hunosimudzira hweBASF nzira inogona kusvika makore mana uye maitiro ari nyore.Nekudaro, iyi nzira ine zvimhingamupinyi senge yakakwira solvent yekubikira poindi, kazhinji kuchenesa midziyo, uye yakanyanya kushandiswa kwesimba.

Nzira yeJapan catalyst: Maviri akagadzika reactor munhevedzano uye inofananidzwa neshongwe nomwe yekuparadzanisa system inoshandiswa zvakare.Danho rekutanga nderekupinza chinhu Co muMo Bi catalyst seyekuita catalyst, wobva washandisa Mo, V, uye Cu composite metal oxides sezvikuru zvinokonzeresa mune yechipiri reactor, inotsigirwa nesilika uye lead monoxide.Pasi pechirongwa ichi, goho reimwe nzira ye acrylic acid inenge 83-86% (molar ratio).Iyo yeJapan catalyst nzira inotora imwe yakarongedzerwa yakamiswa mubhedha reactor uye 7-shongwe yekuparadzanisa sisitimu, ine macatalysts epamberi, goho repamusoro, uye kushomeka kwesimba.Iyi nzira parizvino ndeimwe yemhando yepamusoro yekugadzira maitiro, padivi neiyo Mitsubishi maitiro muJapan.

(3)Yazvino Mamiriro uye Mafambiro Ekusimudzira eButyl Acrylate Technology

Butyl acrylate imvura isina ruvara inoonekera isinganyungudika mumvura uye inogona kusanganiswa ne ethanol uye ether.Mushonga uyu unoda kuchengetwa mudura rinotonhorera uye rine mhepo.Acrylic acid uye esters ayo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri.Iwo haango shandiswa kugadzira akapfava monomers e acrylate solvent based uye lotion based adhesives, asi zvakare anogona kuve homopolymerized, copolymerized uye graft copolymerized kuita polymer monomers uye kushandiswa se organic synthesis yepakati.

Parizvino, maitiro ekugadzirwa kwebutyl acrylate anonyanya kusanganisira maitiro e acrylic asidhi uye butanol pamberi pe toluene sulfonic acid kugadzira butyl acrylate nemvura.Iyo esterification reaction inosanganisirwa mune iyi maitiro ndeye yakajairwa inodzokororwa maitiro, uye mapoinzi ekuvira e acrylic asidhi uye chigadzirwa butyl acrylate ari padyo.Saka, zvakaoma kuparadzanisa acrylic asidhi uchishandisa distillation, uye unreacted acrylic asidhi haigoni recycled.

Maitiro aya anonzi butyl acrylate esterification nzira, kunyanya kubva kuJilin Petrochemical Engineering Research Institute nemamwe masangano ane hukama.Iyi tekinoroji yatove yakakura kwazvo, uye iyo unit yekushandisa control ye acrylic acid uye n-butanol yakanyatsojeka, inokwanisa kudzora kushandiswa kweyuniti mukati me0.6.Uyezve, tekinoroji iyi yakatowana kubatana uye kutamisa.

(4)Yazvino Mamiriro uye Mafambiro Ekusimudzira eCPP Technology

CPP firimu rinogadzirwa kubva ku polypropylene seyakanyanya mbishi zvinhu kuburikidza neyakajeka nzira dzekugadzirisa dzakadai seT-shaped die extrusion casting.Iyi firimu ine yakanakisa kupisa kupisa uye, nekuda kweyayo yekukurumidza kutonhora zvimiro, inogona kuumba yakanakisa kutsetseka uye pachena.Naizvozvo, pakurongedza maapplication anoda kujekeswa kwakanyanya, CPP firimu ndiyo inofarirwa zvinhu.Kunyanya kushandiswa kwefirimu reCPP kuri mukutakura kwechikafu, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwealuminium coating, kurongedza kwemishonga, nekuchengetedza michero nemiriwo.

Parizvino, maitiro ekugadzira eCPP mafirimu anonyanya kubatanidzwa extrusion casting.Iyi nzira yekugadzira ine akawanda extruder, akawanda chiteshi vanogovera (anowanzozivikanwa se "vanodyisa"), T-yakaita kufa misoro, masystem ekukanda, horizontal traction masisitimu, oscillator, uye mamhepo masisitimu.Hunhu hukuru hweiyi dhizaini yekugadzira yakanaka kupenya, kupenya kwepamusoro, kushivirira kudiki ukobvu, kuita kwakanaka kwemuchina wekuwedzera, kuchinjika kwakanaka, uye kujeka kwakanaka kwezvakagadzirwa zvitete zvemufirimu zvigadzirwa.Vazhinji vagadziri vepasi rose veCPP vanoshandisa co extrusion casting nzira yekugadzira, uye tekinoroji yemidziyo yakakura.

Kubva pakati pemakore ekuma1980, China yakatanga kuunza michina yekugadzira mafirimu yekune dzimwe nyika, asi mazhinji acho ari ega-layer zvimiro uye ndeyekutanga.Mushure mekupinda muma1990s, China yakaunza mitsara yekugadzira mafirimu akawanda-layer co polymer kubva kunyika dzakaita seGermany, Japan, Italy, neAustria.Iyi michina inotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye matekinoroji ndiwo simba guru reChina indasitiri yemafirimu.Vatengesi vemidziyo mikuru vanosanganisira Bruckner yekuGermany, Bartenfield, Leifenhauer, uye Orchid yeAustria.Kubva 2000, China yakaunza mitsara yemhando yepamusoro yekugadzira, uye michina inogadzirwa mudzimba yakawanawo kukurumidza kuvandudzwa.

Nekudaro, zvichienzaniswa neyepasirese yepamusoro nhanho, pachine imwe gap padanho reautomation, kuyera control extrusion system, otomatiki kufa musoro kugadzirisa kudzora firimu ukobvu, online edge material recovery system, uye otomatiki mamhepo emidziyo yekukanda firimu.Parizvino, vatengesi vakuru vemidziyo yeCPP firimu tekinoroji vanosanganisira Bruckner wekuGermany, Leifenhauser, uye Lanzin yeAustria, pakati pevamwe.Ava vatengesi vekunze vane zvakakosha zvakakosha maererano neautomation uye zvimwe zvinhu.Nekudaro, iyo yazvino maitiro atove akakura, uye kukurumidza kwekuvandudza kwehunyanzvi hwekushandisa kunononoka, uye hapana chikumbaridzo chekushandira pamwe.

(5)Ikozvino Mamiriro uye Mafambiro Ekusimudzira eAcrylonitrile Technology

Propylene ammonia oxidation tekinoroji parizvino ndiyo nzira huru yekugadzira yekutengesa yeacrylonitrile, uye vanenge vese vanogadzira acrylonitrile vari kushandisa BP (SOHIO) catalysts.Zvakadaro, kunewo mamwe akawanda macatalyst providers ekusarudza kubva, akadai saMitsubishi Rayon (yaimbova Nitto) naAsahi Kasei wekuJapan, Ascend Performance Material (yaimbova Solutia) kubva kuUnited States, uye Sinopec.

Zvinopfuura 95% yemiti yeacrylonitrile pasi rose inoshandisa teknolojia yepropylene ammonia oxidation (inozivikanwawo seyo sohio process) yakapayona uye yakagadziridzwa neBP.Iyi tekinoroji inoshandisa propylene, ammonia, mhepo, uye mvura seyakagadzirwa zvinhu, uye inopinda reactor mune imwe chikamu.Pasi pechiito che phosphorus molybdenum bismuth kana antimony iron catalysts inotsigirwa pasilica gel, acrylonitrile inogadzirwa pakupisa kwe400-500.℃uye kumanikidzwa kwemhepo.Zvadaro, mushure mekutevedzana kwekuita neutralization, kutora, kubvisa, dehydrocyanation, uye distillation matanho, chigadzirwa chekupedzisira che acrylonitrile chinowanikwa.Nzira imwe chete yegoho yeiyi nzira inogona kusvika 75%, uye ne-zvigadzirwa zvinosanganisira acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, uye ammonium sulfate.Iyi nzira ine yakanyanya kukosha yekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri.

Kubva 1984, Sinopec yakasaina chibvumirano chenguva refu neINEOS uye yakabvumidzwa kushandisa INEOS's patented acrylonitrile tekinoroji kuChina.Mushure memakore ebudiriro, Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Research Institute yakabudirira kugadzira nzira yehunyanzvi yepropylene ammonia oxidation kugadzira acrylonitrile, uye yakavaka chikamu chechipiri cheSinopec Anqing Branch's 130000 ton acrylonitrile chirongwa.Iyo purojekiti yakaitwa zvinobudirira muna Ndira 2014, ichiwedzera huwandu hwegore hwekugadzira acrylonitrile kubva pa80000 toni kusvika 210000 matani, ichiva chikamu chakakosha cheSinopec's acrylonitrile production base.

Parizvino, makambani pasi rese ane patents epropylene ammonia oxidation tekinoroji anosanganisira BP, DuPont, Ineos, Asahi Chemical, uye Sinopec.Maitiro ekugadzira aya akakura uye ari nyore kuwana, uye China yakawanawo kuwanikwa kwehunyanzvi uhu, uye kuita kwayo hakuna kuderera kune ekunze matekinoroji ekugadzira.

(6)Yazvino Mamiriro uye Mafambiro Ekusimudzira eABS Technology

Zvinoenderana nekuferefeta, nzira yeABS mudziyo inonyanya kukamurwa kuita lotion grafting nzira uye inoenderera yakawanda nzira.ABS resin yakagadzirwa zvichienderana nekugadziriswa kwepolystyrene resin.Muna 1947, kambani yeAmerican rubber yakagamuchira nzira yekubatanidza kuti iwane kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri eABS resin;Muna 1954, BORG-WAMER Kambani muUnited States yakagadzira lotion graft polymerized ABS resin uye yakagadzira kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri.Kuonekwa kwekugadzira lotion kwakasimudzira kukurumidza kusimudzira kweindasitiri yeABS.Kubva kuma1970, tekinoroji yekugadzira tekinoroji yeABS yakapinda munguva yebudiriro huru.

Iyo lotion grafting nzira idanho repamberi rekugadzira, iro rinosanganisira matanho mana: iyo synthesis yebutadiene latex, synthesis yegraft polymer, synthesis ye styrene uye acrylonitrile polymers, uye kusanganisa mushure mekurapa.Iyo chaiyo inoyerera inoyerera inosanganisira PBL unit, grafting unit, SAN unit, uye yekusanganisa unit.Iyi nzira yekugadzira ine yakakwira mwero wekukura kwetekinoroji uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rese.

Parizvino, tekinoroji yeABS yakakura zvikuru inobva kumakambani akaita seLG kuSouth Korea, JSR kuJapan, Dow muUnited States, New Lake Oil Chemical Co., Ltd. kuSouth Korea, neKellogg Technology muUnited States, ese ari iyo ine nhanho inotungamira yepasi rose yekukura kwetekinoroji.Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza tekinoroji, maitiro ekugadzira eABS ari kuramba achivandudza nekuvandudza.Mune ramangwana, maitiro ekugadzira anoshanda, ane hushamwari, uye ekuchengetedza simba anogona kubuda, zvichiunza mikana yakawanda nematambudziko mukusimudzira indasitiri yemakemikari.

(7)Iyo tekinoroji mamiriro uye maitiro ekusimudzira en-butanol

Zvinoenderana nekuona, tekinoroji yakajairwa yekugadzira butanol uye octanol pasi rese ndiyo yemvura-chikamu cyclic yakaderera-kudzvanywa kabhoni synthesis process.Iyo huru yezvigadzirwa zvemaitiro aya ndeye propylene uye synthesis gasi.Pakati pavo, propylene inonyanya kuuya kubva kune yakasanganiswa yekuzvipa, ine unit yekushandisa yepropylene pakati pe0.6 ne0.62 matani.Synthetic gasi rinonyanya kugadzirwa kubva pakupera gasi kana marasha-based synthetic gasi, ine unit inoshandiswa pakati pe700 ne720 cubic metres.

Iyo yakaderera-kudzvanywa carbonyl synthesis tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa naDow/David - liquid-phase circulation process ine zvakanakira senge yakakwira propylene kutendeuka chiyero, yakareba catalyst sevhisi hupenyu, uye kuderedzwa kuburitswa kwemarara matatu.Iyi nzira parizvino ndiyo yakanyanya kugadzirwa tekinoroji uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muChinese butanol uye octanol mabhizinesi.

Tichifunga kuti tekinoroji yeDow/David yakura uye inogona kushandiswa mukubatana nemabhizinesi epamba, mabhizinesi mazhinji anozotungamira tekinoroji iyi pakusarudza kuisa mari mukuvaka butanol octanol units, ichiteverwa nehunyanzvi hwepamba.

(8)Yazvino Mamiriro uye Mafambiro Ekusimudzira ePolyacrylonitrile Technology

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) inowanikwa kuburikidza nemahara radical polymerization yeacrylonitrile uye yakakosha yepakati mukugadzirira acrylonitrile fibers (acrylic fibers) uye polyacrylonitrile based carbon fibers.Inoratidzika mune chena kana zvishoma yero opaque poda fomu, ine tembiricha yegirazi ingangoita makumi mapfumbamwe℃.Inogona kunyungudutswa mu polar organic solvents senge dimethylformamide (DMF) uye dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), pamwe neyakaiswa aqueous mhinduro dzeinorganic munyu senge thiocyanate uye perchlorate.Kugadzirira kwepolyacrylonitrile kunonyanya kusanganisira mhinduro yepolymerization kana aqueous precipitation polymerization yeacrylonitrile (AN) ine non-ionic yechipiri monomers uye ionic yechitatu monomers.

Polyacrylonitrile inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira acrylic fibers, ari mafiber ekugadzira akagadzirwa kubva kuacrylonitrile copolymers ane huwandu hwehuwandu hunodarika 85%.Zvinoenderana nezvinonyungudutsa zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira, zvinogona kusiyaniswa se dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN), uye dimethyl formamide (DMF).Musiyano mukuru pakati pezvakasiyana-siyana zvinonyungudutsa ndiko kunyungudika kwavo mu polyacrylonitrile, iyo isina kukosha kwakanyanya pane chaiyo polymerization yekugadzira maitiro.Uye zvakare, zvinoenderana neakasiyana macomonomers, anogona kupatsanurwa kuita itaconic acid (IA), methyl acrylate (MA), acrylamide (AM), uye methyl methacrylate (MMA), nezvimwewo. chigadzirwa zvimiro zvepolymerization maitiro.

Maitiro ekuunganidza anogona kuva nhanho imwe kana maviri-nhanho.Imwe nhanho nzira inoreva iyo polymerization yeacrylonitrile uye comonomers mune imwe mhinduro mamiriro kamwechete, uye zvigadzirwa zvinogona kugadzirirwa zvakananga mukutenderera mhinduro pasina kupatsanurwa.Mutemo wematanho maviri unoreva kumiswa kwepolymerization ye acrylonitrile uye comonomers mumvura kuti iwane polymer, iyo inoparadzaniswa, yakashambidzwa, inopera mvura, uye mamwe matanho ekugadzira mhinduro yekutenderera.Parizvino, kugadzirwa kwepasi rose kwepolyacrylonitrile kwakangofanana, nemusiyano wenzira dzepasi pepolymerization uye co monomers.Parizvino, akawanda polyacrylonitrile fibers munyika dzakasiyana-siyana pasi rose anogadzirwa kubva kune ternary copolymers, ine acrylonitrile accounting ye90% uye kuwedzera kwechipiri monomer kubva pa5% kusvika 8%.Chinangwa chekuwedzera chechipiri monomer ndechekuwedzera simba remuchina, elasticity, uye magadzirirwo emafibhi, pamwe nekuvandudza mashandiro ekudhaya.Nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa dzinosanganisira MMA, MA, vinyl acetate, etc. Kuwedzera kwechitatu monomer 0.3% -2%, nechinangwa chekuunza imwe nhamba yemapoka edhayi e hydrophilic kuti awedzere kuwirirana kwefibers nedhayi, izvo akakamurwa kuva cationic dhayi mapoka uye acidic dhayi mapoka.

Parizvino, Japan ndiyo inomiririra nzira yepasi rose ye polyacrylonitrile, inoteverwa nenyika dzakadai seGermany neUnited States.Mabhizinesi anomiririra anosanganisira Zoltek, Hexcel, Cytec neAldila anobva kuJapan, Dongbang, Mitsubishi neUnited States, SGL yekuGermany neFormosa Plastics Group kubva kuTaiwan, China, China.Parizvino, tekinoroji yepasi rose yekugadzira tekinoroji yepolyacrylonitrile yakakura, uye hapana nzvimbo yakawanda yekuvandudzwa kwechigadzirwa.