Plastic ndeyerudzii rwezvinhu?

Plastiki chinhu chakakosha muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva uye chinopinda panengese chikamu chehupenyu hwedu. Plastic ndeyerudzii rwezvinhu? Kubva pamakemikari ekuona, mapurasitiki imhando yezvigadzirwa zvepolymer, izvo zvikamu zvikuru zvinoumbwa neorganic polymers. Ichi chinyorwa chichaongorora zvakadzama kuumbwa uye kupatsanurwa kwemapurasitiki uye kushandiswa kwavo kwakakura mumaindasitiri akasiyana.
1. Kuumbwa uye chimiro chemakemikari emapurasitiki

Kuti unzwisise kuti mapurasitiki ndeapi, chekutanga chinoda kunzwisisa kuumbwa kwayo. Purasitiki inogadzirwa kuburikidza nepolymerisation reaction ye macromolecular substances, kunyanya inoumbwa nekabhoni, haidrojeni, okisijeni, nitrogen, sarufa nezvimwe zvinhu. Zvinhu izvi zvinoumba zvimiro zvecheni refu, inozivikanwa semapolymers, kuburikidza necovalent zvisungo. Zvichienderana nechimiro chavo chemakemikari, mapurasitiki anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru: thermoplastics uye thermosets.

Thermoplastics: Aya marudzi emapurasitiki anopfava kana apiswa uye anodzokera kuchimiro chawo chepakutanga kana atonhodzwa, uye kudzokororwa kudziya nekutonhodza hakuchinje chimiro chavo chemakemikari. Kazhinji thermoplastics inosanganisira polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), uye polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Thermosetting mapurasitiki: Kusiyana ne thermoplastics, thermosetting mapurasitiki anozopinda kemikari-yakabatana mushure mekudziya kwekutanga, achigadzira matatu-dimensional network chimiro chisinganyungudika kana fusible, saka kana chaumbwa, hachigone kukanganiswa nekudziya zvakare. Yakajairika thermoset mapurasitiki anosanganisira phenolic resins (PF), epoxy resins (EP), zvichingodaro.

2. Kuronga uye kushandiswa kwepurasitiki

Zvinoenderana nemidziyo yavo uye mashandisiro, mapurasitiki anogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu: general-chinangwa mapurasitiki, engineering mapurasitiki uye akakosha epurasitiki.

General-chinangwa mapurasitiki: akadai se polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), nezvimwewo, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurongedza zvinhu, zvinhu zvemumba nemimwe minda. Iwo anoratidzirwa nemutengo wakaderera, maitiro ekugadzira akakura uye akakodzera kugadzirwa kwemazhinji.

Injiniya mapurasitiki: akadai sepolycarbonate (PC), naironi (PA), etc. Aya mapurasitiki ane hunyanzvi hwekugadzira zvinhu uye kupisa kupisa, uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumotokari, midziyo yemagetsi nemagetsi, mativi emagetsi uye mamwe minda inoda.

Specialty mapurasitiki: akadai sepolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), etc. Zvinhu izvi zvinowanzova nemakemikari anokosha ekupikisa, magetsi ekudzivirira kana kupisa kwekushisa kwepamusoro, uye anoshandiswa mumhepo, midziyo yezvokurapa uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro.

3. Zvakanakira uye Zvinetso zvePlastiki

Plastics inoita basa risingadzokerike muindasitiri yemazuva ano nekuda kwehuremu hwadzo, simba rakakura uye nyore kugadzirisa. Kushandiswa kwepurasitiki kunounzawo matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza. Sezvo mapurasitiki akaoma kudzikisira, marara epurasitiki ane kukanganisa kwakakomba kune zvakatipoteredza, saka kudzokorodza uye kushandiswazve kwepurasitiki kwave kunetsa pasi rose.
Muindasitiri, vaongorori vari kugadzira mapurasitiki matsva anogona kuparara nechinangwa chekudzikisa njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza dzemarara epurasitiki. Tekinoroji dzekudzokorodza mapurasitiki ari kufambirawo mberi, uye matekinoroji aya anotarisirwa kudzikisira zvakanyanya mutengo wekugadzira mapurasitiki uye kumanikidza kwezvakatipoteredza.

Mhedziso

Plastiki imhando yemhando yepolymer inogadzirwa ne organic polymers, iyo inogona kuiswa mu thermoplastic uye thermosetting mapurasitiki zvichienderana neakasiyana makemikari zvimiro nenzvimbo dzekushandisa. Nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji, marudzi uye mashandisirwo emapurasitiki ari kuwedzera, asi matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza avanounza haagone kufuratirwa. Kunzwisisa kuti mapurasitiki ndeapi haangotibatsira kushandisa zviri nani chinyorwa ichi, asi zvakare anotikurudzira kuti tiongorore basa rayo mukusimudzira kwakasimba.